不同驯化方式对以苯酚为基质的微生物燃料电池产电性能的影响

以厌氧污泥作为初始接种体,构建了单室微生物燃料电池（MFCs）,考察了梯度驯化、直接驯化和间接驯化3种不同驯化方式对MFC降解苯酚及产电性能的影响。结果表明,MFC在闭路状态下对苯酚的降解速率比MFC在开路状态下的苯酚降解速率加快10%～20%,说明MFC在产电的同时,可加速苯酚的降解。当以600 mg/L的苯酚溶液为单一燃料,反应68 h后,3种驯化方式下的MFC对苯酚降解率都达到90%以上。相对于其他2种驯化方式,梯度驯化条件最有利于MFC产电性能的提高及苯酚的降解,其最大输出功率为31.3 mW/m2,降解速率提高了7%～20%。     

超声降解水中的磺胺嘧啶

以磺胺嘧啶(SD)为研究对象,探讨了超声功率、初始浓度、pH值以及超声协同H2O2、Fenton、TiO2等组合工艺对超声降解SD效率的影响。实验结果表明,超声可有效降解水中低浓度的SD,尤其在酸性条件下,超声降解更为显著,降解过程遵循准二级反应动力学模型。加入H2O2或TiO2可在一定程度上促进SD的超声降解,加入Fenton试剂则显著提升SD的去除率。依据量化计算以及LC-MS测定结果,探讨了SD的超声降解机理。超声降解水中SD主要是基于.OH自由基的氧化过程。     

加药量和水力搅拌速度对雨水混凝效果的影响

为降低分流制雨水中悬浮颗粒物及其他污染物浓度,减轻城市景观河道的水体富营养化程度,对取自泵站的雨水进行混凝沉淀工艺优化实验。以PAC为混凝剂,采用Zeta电位仪、激光粒度仪和iPDA在线监测技术对混凝过程进行监测,考察了混凝剂投加量和水力搅拌速度对絮体形成和分流制雨水处理效果的影响,结果表明,混凝剂投加量和混合水力搅拌速度直接影响絮体Zeta电位和聚沉特性;混合搅拌速度控制混凝反应速率,絮凝速度梯度影响絮体形成粒径。FI曲线特征参数对控制混凝工艺具有指导意义。PAC投加量为35 mg/L,混合阶段搅拌速度800 r/min,搅拌30 s,絮凝阶段采用150、108和60 r/min的转速各自搅拌5 min,沉后水中剩余颗粒总数最少,浊度、COD和总磷去除效果最佳。     

除尘器脉喷清灰影响阶段的粉尘分级排放特征

过滤除尘器采用的脉冲喷吹式清灰造成清灰影响阶段粉尘排放浓度的大幅升高,制约除尘器的过滤捕捉性能。为了探索脉冲喷吹工况对清灰影响阶段粉尘排放的影响规律,为工业除尘器清灰设计提供技术参考,构建了脉喷清灰滤筒除尘器试验系统,测试滤筒内壁的压力分布,考察TSP(总粉尘)、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)分级排放质量浓度变化,并研究了气包压力、过滤风速、最大允许过滤阻力对粉尘排放的影响。结果表明,在脉喷清灰影响阶段,TSP、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)具有类似的变化趋势,排放质量浓度均先快速升高而后缓慢降低,持续时长30~60 s;排放量总体上随气包压力、最大允许过滤阻力增加而升高,其中气包压力达到临界值0.4 MPa时,排放质量浓度峰值和排放量增加显著;而粉尘排放随过滤风速增加先增后减。研究表明,通过调整脉喷工况可降低清灰影响阶段粉尘排放。     

全自动驾驶模式下站台门智能安全监控系统研究

全自动驾驶是一种先进的轨道交通列车运行控制技术,在全自动驾驶模式下,轨道交通列车运维对站台门的安全提出了更高的要求。本文在分析站台门在全自动驾驶模式下的安全监控需求的基础上,从站台门的运行外部环境和站台门自身的运行参数两方面出发,建立站台门智能安全监控系统,实时全面掌握站台门的安全状态,基于BIM技术和自适应学习技术,对站台门的安全状态进行预测,防范于未然并及时做好维修计划调整。该系统能让站台门的安全处于主动控制状态,减少安全隐患。     

Fractionation of selected metals in the sediments of Cochin estuary and Periyar River, southwest coast of India

Cochin estuary is one of the highly polluted aquatic systems of the southwest coast of India. The present study focuses on the assessment of heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu) present in the sediments of Cochin estuary and the adjoining Periyar River. The sediments were analyzed for total metal content and various chemically bound fractions such as exchangeable, carbonate bound, easily reducible, organic, and residual. Total metal content of sediment was found higher than the average values reported from other Indian rivers. The mean concentration of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu in the sediments was 1,249.44, 9.5, 221.37, and 166.14???g/g, respectively. The results of sequential extraction showed that the concentration of Cd was high in the first two weakly bound fractions (exchangeable and carbonate bound) than the other metals, which are high in residual and organic bound fractions. Risk-assessment code analysis and environmental indices (enrichment factor and pollution load index) suggest that the sediments are highly polluted with metals, especially Cd.     

高科技产业集群共性技术研发激励

产业共性技术作为竞争前技术在国家创新体系中具有重要的作用,受到各国政府的重视.产业共性技术研发和扩散促进了区域产业集群的形成与发展,而产业集群是推动产业共性技术研发和扩散的重要平台.分析了高科技产业集群共性技术的特征和存在的研发主体缺位和积极性弱、供给和投资不足、市场失灵等问题,提出了相应的激励措施,以提高高科技产业集群共性技术研发和扩散效率.     

China’s agricultural GHG emission efficiency: regional disparity and spatial dynamic evolution

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Improving China’s agricultural greenhouse gases (GHG) emission efficiency has become an important way to cope with climate change in an...     

Analysis of the glyphosate herbicide in water,soil and food using derivatising agents

Glyphosate is used widely to control weeds. Glyphosate is a broad spectrum, non-selective, systemic and post-emergent herbicide. Glyphosate excessive use and impact on the environment is promoting the analysis of glyphosate in water, soil and food materials. Methods to analyse glyphosate at low levels are needed because glyphosate has a short half-life due to easy microbial degradation. Glyphosate has a high polarity and solubility in water, has high binding affinity with soil and is non-volatile. The absence of chromophoric groups in the molecular structure makes the detection difficult. Therefore, detection can be achieved by derivatisation, which makes glyphosate more volatile and stable for spectroscopic analysis. Derivatisation is commonly done by alkyl chloroformates, acylating agents, 9-fluoroenylmethylchloroformate, 4-methoxybenzenesulfonylfluoride and o-phthalaldehyde. Immunosensors allow detection at microlevels. Nanocrystals and nanotechnology allow detection at nanolevels. Here, we review methods to derivatise and analyse glyphosate.     

Permeability test and slope stability analysis of municipal solid waste in Jiangcungou Landfill,Shaanxi, China

With the rapid increase of city waste, landfills have become a major method to deals with municipal solid waste. Thus, the safety of landfills has become a valuable research topic. In this paper, Jiangcungou Landfill, located in Shaanxi, China, was investigated and its slope stability was analyzed. Laboratory tests were used to obtain permeability coefficients of municipal solid waste. Based on the results, the distribution of leachate and stability in the landfill was computed and analyzed. These results showed: the range of permeability coefficient was from 1.0 × 10^–7 cm sec^–1 to 6.0 × 10^–3 cm sec^–1 on basis of laboratory test and some parameters of similar landfills. Owing to the existence of intermediate cover layers in the landfill, the perched water level appeared in the landfill with heavy rain. Moreover, the waste was filled with leachate in the top layer, and the range of leachate level was from 2 m to 5 m in depth under the waste surface in other layers. The closer it gets to the surface of landfill, the higher the perched water level of leachate. It is indicated that the minimum safety factors were 1.516 and 0.958 for winter and summer, respectively. Additionally, the slope failure may occur in summer.

Implications: The research of seepage and stability in landfills may provide a less costly way to reduce accidents. Landslides often occur in the Jiangcungou Landfill because of the high leachate level. Some measures should be implemented to reduce the leachate level. This paper investigated seepage and slope stability of landfills by numerical methods. These results may provide the basis for increasing stability of landfills.